Forming BOX PATTERN using 32 LEDs with AT89S52 in Assembly_ Best Embedded Tutorial

BOX patter can be formed using 32 LEDs.

Here 8 LEDs are connected with each PORT of 8051 Micro-controller.

First data is updated on the PORTs so as to form an Outer Box.

Again inner Box is formed by updating suitable data on PORT0, PORT1, PORT2 and PORT3.

To get ongoing box patter formation we need to enclose the whole program in Infinite Loop.

The Output will appear as..

Here is the Code for this.

AGAIN:

   MOV P0, #00  //To TURN OFF ALL THE LEDS INITIALLY

   MOV P1, #00

   MOV P2, #00

   MOV P3, #00

MOV P0, #11111111B   //Data for Outer Box formation

MOV P1, #10000001B

MOV P2, #10000001B

MOV P3, #11111111B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P0, #00000000B   //Data for Inner Box formation

MOV P1, #01111110B

MOV P2, #01111110B

MOV P3, #00000000B

ACALL DELAY

SJMP AGAIN

DELAY: MOV R1, #30

               MOV R2, #10

 LOOP1: DJNZ R2, LOOP1

               DJNZ R1, LOOP1

RET

END

Shifting LEDs Pattern with AT89S52 in Assembly _ Best Embedded Tutorial

Shifting Effect can be formed on LEDs by just turning each LED individually with remaining Off for the meanwhile.

Here is the simple code for forming such shifting pattern.

MOV A, #10000000B

     AGAIN:RR A

MOV P2, A

ACALL DELAY

SJMP AGAIN

DELAY:                                        //Program for delay

 MOV  R1, #10

 MOV  R2, #10

 MOV  R3, #2

LOOP1: DJNZ R3, LOOP1

               DJNZ R2, Y2

               DJNZ R1, Y3

RET

END

/*You may program in simple way if you find the first one messy

AGAIN:

MOV P2,#10000000B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P2,#01000000B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P2,#00100000B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P2,#00010000B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P2,#00001000B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P2,#00000100B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P2,#00000010B

ACALL DELAY

MOV P2,#00000001B

ACALL DELAY

SJMP AGAIN

DELAY:                                        //Program for delay

 MOV  R1, #10

 MOV  R2, #10

 MOV  R3, #2

LOOP1: DJNZ R3, LOOP1

               DJNZ R2, Y2

               DJNZ R1, Y3

RET

END

                                        Both programs will have same output

*/

Blinking LEDs in Finite loop with AT89S52 in Assembly_ Best Embedded Tutorial

So here is the Code for Blinking LEDs for finite times.
The concept of finite loop is used here. Let us see how to form such a loop in Assembly.

MOV R6, #8                                 //R6 value should be = Loop count
AGAIN: MOV P2, #11111111B    //Turn On all the LEDs
    ACALL DELAY                         //ADD Delay
    MOV P2, #00000000B               //Turn Off all the LEDs
    ACALL DELAY                        //ADD Delay again
    DJNZ R6, X1                            //
HERE:SJMP HERE                     //To stop blinking after 8 times

DELAY:                                        //Program for delay
 MOV  R1, #10
 MOV  R2, #10
 MOV  R3, #2
LOOP1: DJNZ R3, LOOP1
               DJNZ R2, Y2
               DJNZ R1, Y3
RET
END

Blinking LEDs with AT89S52 in ASSEMBLY_ Best Embedded Tutorial

Here is the ASSEMBLY CODE for blinking LEDs for INFINITE TIMES. 

8 LEDs are connected with PORT2

____________________________________________________________

CONTINUE:

MOV P2,#0FFH   //TO TURN ON ALL THE LEDS

ACALL DELAY   //ADDING DELAY FOR SOMETIME

MOV P2,#00H    //TO TURN OFF ALL THE LEDS

ACALL DELAY   //ADDING DELAY FOR SOMETIME

SJMP CONTINUE   //FORMING INFINITE LOOP

DELAY:                            //PROGRAM FOR DELAY

MOV R0,#10

MOV R1,#10

MOV R2,#10

LOOP1:DJNZ R2,LOOP1

             DJNZ R1,LOOP1

             DJNZ R0,LOOP1

RET                                       //RETURN DIRECTIVE

END                                        //END DIRECTIVE

_______________________________________________________________

Here is the O/P of this Program

Connection Modes of LEDs Common Cathode(C.C) & Common Anode(C.A)_ Best Embedded Tutorial

To glow an LED we needs to connected it in Forward Bias Condition. 

When we have so many LEDs to connect, then we have two choices for their connection.
1.)Common Cathode Connection Mode (C.C)
     In this mode, all the cathode terminals of LEDs are connected together and finally they are                  grounded.
     Anode terminal may be provided with Higher Digital Logic '1' or Digital Logic Low '0'
     Providing 1 to Anode will put the LED in forward bias Condition thus it will glow.
     Providing 0 to Anode will put the LED in reverse bias Condition thus it will remain OFF.

2.)Common Anode Connection Mode (C.A)
     In this mode, all the Anode terminals of LEDs are joined together and finally they are                  
     connected to V
     Cathode terminal may be provided with Higher Digital Logic '1' or Digital Logic Low '0'
     Providing 1 to Cathode will put the LED in reverse bias Condition thus it will remain OFF.
     Providing 0 to Cathode will put the LED in forward bias Condition thus it will turn ON.

An Introduction to Embedded System_ Best Embedded Tutorial

A system may be regarded as Embedded if it contains Hardware along with Software into it.

Each embedded system is governed by the Program which is embedded into its hardware.

Suppose we have a hardware and we frequently change programs into it then the system's functioning will get changed each time. 

Thus a single programmable Hardware can be instructed to perform different Operations just by changing its program.If we instruct a hardware by simple program/s to perform a certain task, we call that system as Embedded System.Embedded system in most simple words, 

"A system in which Software is Embedded into the Hardware." 

Hardware includes various Circuit elements such as Diode, EMF Source, Transistors, ICs etc.

And Software mainly involves Programming part.

Hardware and Software, these two are building blocks of an Embedded System.

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The Digital Camera

The digital camera is one of ­the most remarkable instances of this shift because it is so truly different from its predecessor. Conventional cameras depend entirely on chemical and mechanical processes -- you don't even need electricity to operate them. 

On the other h­and, all digital cameras have a built-in computer, and all of them record images electronically.

Inside an IC

he integrated circuit is nothing more than a very advanced electric circuit. An electric circuit is made from different electrical components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and diodes, that are connected to each other in different ways. These components have different behaviors.

The transistor acts like a switch. It can turn electricity on or off, or it can amplify current. It is used for example in computers to store information, or in stereo amplifiers to make the sound signal stronger.

KNOW THE ZENER

A Zener Diode is an electronic component which can be used to make a very simple voltage regulator circuit. 
This circuit enables a fixed stable voltage to be taken from an unstable voltage source such as the battery bank of a renewable energy system which will fluctuate depending on the state of charge of the bank.

3x3x3 LEDs Cube using 555 and 4020 IC

This circuit drives a 3x3x3 cube consisting of 27 white LEDs. 

The 4020 IC is a 14 stage binary counter and we have used 9 outputs.

 Each output drives 3 white LEDs in series and we have omitted a dropper 

resistor as the chip can only deliver a maximum of 15mA per output. 

The 4020 produces 512 different patterns before the sequence repeats 

and you have to build the project to see the effects it produces on the 3D cube.

KNOW THE MOSFET

MOSFET stands for metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor. It is a special type of field-effect transistor (FET).

Unlike BJT which is ‘current controlled’, the MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. The MOSFET has “gate“, “Drain” and “Source” terminals instead of a “base”, “collector”, and “emitter” terminals in a bipolar transistor.
By applying voltage at the gate, it generates an electrical field to control the current flow through the channel between drain and source, and there is no current flow from the gate into the MOSFET